X-RAY SCIENCE

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0 height="100%"><tr> <td valign="top" width=200 BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <IMG SRC="06f572e0.jpg" border=0 width="87" height="46" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="1a5ac900.jpg" border=0 width="172" height="144" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <div> <B>X-RAY SCANNER IN VERTICAL MODE. THIS IS THE MODE THAT WILL BE USED TO SCAN PALLETS OF FOOD THAT ROTATE IN THE X-RAY SCANNER,</B></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" ><B>HOME</B></FONT>     |     <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOME"><U>home</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="id44.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NEWS "><U>NEWS      </U></A>   |   <B> X-RAY SCIENCE</B>   |   <A HREF="id32.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="LINKS"><U>LINKS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id31.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="HOW IT OPERATES"><U>HOW IT OPERATES</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id34.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="XRADIATION PROCESS"><U>X-RADIATION PROCESS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id22.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SELECT FOODS"><U>SELECT FOODS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id40.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="FAQ"><U>FAQ</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id41.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NUTRITION"><U>NUTRITION</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id43.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="REGULATORY"><U>REGULATORY</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id42.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="APPROVED FOODS"><U>APPROVED FOODS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id27.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="NONFOOD APPLICATIONS"><U>NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id30.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="SOIL FUMIGATION"><U>SOIL FUMIGATION</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id47.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="_"><U>--Type Title Here--</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id45.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="INVESTOR RELATIONS"><U>INVESTOR RELATIONS</U></A></div> <div>  X-RAY SCIENCE</div> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT><B>X- RAY </B><B>ABSORPTION</B></div> <div> The relationship of x-ray energy in the beam with thickness of matter is exponential: this means a fixed percentage of x-ray photons will be removed with each centimeter of thickness.</div> <div> For example, for a 100 keV x-ray beam, 1 cm of water will attenuate 17% (0.17) of the x-ray photons in the beam.</div> <div> If we start with 100 x-ray photons in the beam, 17 will be removed in 1 cm of water, leaving 83. for the second cm of water, 17% of the remaining 83 will be removed, 14.1, leaving 68.9, etc.</div> <bR> <div> An exponential relationship is where equal changes of one quantity (thickness of material in this case) give equal percentage changes in another quantity (number of x-ray photons transmitted). If a graph were plotted of thickness of material against the logarithm of the transmitted x-ray photons, a straight line would be produced.</div> <bR> <div> <B>X-RAY  ABSORPTION FACTORS</B></div> <bR> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="550" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 63 ><NOBR><div> MATERIAL</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> DENSITY</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> ELECTRON</div> <div> DENSITY</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> EFFECTIVE</div> <div> ATOMIC</div> <div> NUMBER</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> PHOTON</div> <div> ENERGY</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> SIZE="2" FACE="SYMBOL"</div> <div>       >m/cm</div> <div>         as percent attenuated</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="61"><div> Water</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="55"><div> 1.0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="76"><div> 3.343</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="81"><div> 7.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> 100 keV</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="177"><div> 0.17</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="61"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="61" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="55"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="76"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="81"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="81" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="53"><div> 10 MeV</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="177"><div> 0.03</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="61"><div> Bone</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="55"><div> 1.65</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="76"><div> 3.19</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="81"><div> 12.3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> 100 keV</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="177"><div> 0.3</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="61"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="61" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="55"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="76"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="81"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="81" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="53"><div> 10 MeV</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="177"><div> 0.04</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="61"><div> Lead</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="55"><div> 11.35</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="76"><div> 2.38</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="81"><div> 82</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> 100 keV</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="177"><div> 62</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="61"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="61" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="55"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="55" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="76"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="76" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="81"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="81" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="53"><div> 10 MeV</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="177"><div> 4.3</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>  </div> <bR> <bR> <div> The charts below list the x-ray absorption for each of two photon energy levels; 10.0 MeV and  5.0 MeV. Each line entry is for a thickness of water (depth) expressed in centimeters.  Note the depth of water required for absorption of 50% of the x-ray dose for each of the two energy levels of x-rays.</div> <bR> <div>                                                                                                  </div> <div> <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Arial" > </FONT> <B>X-RAY </B><B>ABSORPTION OF WATER AT 10 MeV                </B></div> <div>                                                                               </div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="291" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 48 ><NOBR><div> Thickness of</div> <div> Water   cm</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Number x-ray</div> <div> photons</div> <div> attenuated  %</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Number of x-ray</div> <div> photons</div> <div> transmitted  %</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          0 </div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div>           0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><div>         100</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>           3                          </div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><div>           97</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div>           5.9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>           94.1          </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div>           8.7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><div>         91.3</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="89" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="100" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="89" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="100" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="89" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="100" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="89" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="100" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="89" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="100" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>          -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="89" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="100" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>         23</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="89"><div>           51.2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="100"><div>           48.8</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div>  </div> <bR> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>X-RAY ABSORPTION OF WATER AT 5.0 MeV</B></div> <div>  </div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="2" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="291" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 48 ><NOBR><div> Thickness of</div> <div> Water    cm</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Number of x-ray</div> <div> Photons</div> <div> Attenuated %</div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div> Number of X-ray</div> <div> Photons</div> <div> Transmitted  %</div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           0</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>          100</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>         100</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>              4.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>            95.5   </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           2</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>              8.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            91.2</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           3</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            12.9</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP><NOBR><div>            87.1         </div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           4</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            16.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            83.2</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            20.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            79.5</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           6</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            24.1</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            75.9</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           7</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            27.5</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            72.5</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            30.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            69.2</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>           -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>             -</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>              -</div> </tD> </tR> <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 16 WIDTH="76"><div>         15</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="94"><div>            49.8</div> </tD> <tD VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="95"><div>            50.2</div> </tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div>  <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#3300CC" FACE="Arial" > e-mail   info@agscan.net </FONT>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           </div> <div>   (805) 528-1492</div> <bR> <div>    Prepared by AgSCAN Inc    2006 <FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#3300FF" FACE="Arial" ><IMG SRC="0cc14140.gif" border=0 width="20" height="20" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></FONT></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>